Theoretical models: why orientation matters
What a theoretical orientation is, how the four classic models differ, and why the field has moved toward integration.
Learning modules
Each module follows the same structure: objectives, a short introduction, chunked explanations, an original example, an interactive activity, a knowledge check, a summary and further reading.
Theoretical models and formulation
Eight approach profiles — from psychodynamic to diathesis–stress — compared on the same ten dimensions.
The psychodynamic approach
Unconscious processes, defences, early relationships and insight — from Freud through neo-Freudians to object relations.
The behavioural approach
Classical and operant conditioning, social learning, functional analysis, exposure and contingency management.
The cognitive and cognitive-behavioural approach
Beliefs, appraisals and attributions; the cognitive model; and structured, collaborative cognitive-behavioural therapy.
The humanistic approach
Client-centred therapy, Maslow's hierarchy and Gestalt therapy: subjective experience, growth and the healing relationship.
The family systems approach
Systems thinking and five variants — communication, structural, strategic, Milan and narrative approaches.
Integrative psychotherapy
Theoretical integration, common factors and technical eclecticism — three routes to combining approaches.
Biopsychosocial formulation
Engel's model as a practical tool: integrating biological, psychological and social factors with the 4P formulation grid.
Diathesis–stress and related explanatory models
Vulnerability and stress, reciprocal gene–environment effects, and how psychosocial factors influence biology.
Showing 9 modules.